Vulnerabilities (CVE)

Filtered by vendor Microsoft Subscribe
Filtered by product Windows 7
CVE Vendors Products Updated CVSS v2 CVSS v3
CVE-2017-0299 1 Microsoft 6 Windows 10, Windows 7, Windows 8.1 and 3 more 2018-10-30 1.9 LOW 5.0 MEDIUM
The kernel in Microsoft Windows Server 2008 SP2 and R2 SP1, Windows 7 SP1, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 Gold and R2, Windows RT 8.1, Windows 10 Gold, 1511, 1607, 1703, and Windows Server 2016 allows an authenticated attacker to obtain information via a specially crafted application. aka "Windows Kernel Information Disclosure Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2017-8491, CVE-2017-8490, CVE-2017-8489, CVE-2017-8488, CVE-2017-8485, CVE-2017-8483, CVE-2017-8482, CVE-2017-8481, CVE-2017-8480, CVE-2017-8478, CVE-2017-8479, CVE-2017-8476, CVE-2017-8474, CVE-2017-8469, CVE-2017-8462, CVE-2017-0300, and CVE-2017-0297.
CVE-2012-2273 2 Comodo, Microsoft 2 Comodo Internet Security, Windows 7 2018-10-30 4.9 MEDIUM N/A
Comodo Internet Security before 5.10.228257.2253 on Windows 7 x64 allows local users to cause a denial of service (system crash) via a crafted 32-bit Portable Executable (PE) file with a kernel ImageBase value.
CVE-2009-2764 1 Microsoft 2 Internet Explorer, Windows 7 2018-10-30 5.0 MEDIUM N/A
Microsoft Internet Explorer 8.0.7100.0 on Windows 7 RC on the x64 platform allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) via a certain DIV element in conjunction with SCRIPT elements that have empty contents and no reference to a valid external script location.
CVE-2012-2553 1 Microsoft 5 Windows 7, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008 and 2 more 2018-10-30 7.2 HIGH N/A
Use-after-free vulnerability in win32k.sys in the kernel-mode drivers in Microsoft Windows XP SP3, Windows Server 2003 SP2, Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2, and Windows 7 Gold and SP1 allows local users to gain privileges via a crafted application, aka "Win32k Use After Free Vulnerability."
CVE-2017-11940 1 Microsoft 9 Exchange Server, Forefront Endpoint Protection 2010, Malware Protection Engine and 6 more 2018-10-30 9.3 HIGH 7.8 HIGH
The Microsoft Malware Protection Engine running on Microsoft Forefront and Microsoft Defender on Windows 7 SP1, Windows 8.1, Windows RT 8.1, Windows 10 Gold, 1511, 1607, and 1703, 1709 and Windows Server 2016, Windows Server, version 1709, Microsoft Exchange Server 2013 and 2016, does not properly scan a specially crafted file leading to remote code execution. aka "Microsoft Malware Protection Engine Remote Code Execution Vulnerability". This is different than CVE-2017-11937.
CVE-2017-11937 1 Microsoft 9 Exchange Server, Forefront Endpoint Protection 2010, Malware Protection Engine and 6 more 2018-10-30 9.3 HIGH 7.8 HIGH
The Microsoft Malware Protection Engine running on Microsoft Forefront and Microsoft Defender on Windows 7 SP1, Windows 8.1, Windows RT 8.1, Windows 10 Gold, 1511, 1607, and 1703, 1709 and Windows Server 2016, Windows Server, version 1709, Microsoft Exchange Server 2013 and 2016, does not properly scan a specially crafted file leading to remote code execution. aka "Microsoft Malware Protection Engine Remote Code Execution Vulnerability".
CVE-2009-3678 1 Microsoft 2 Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 2018-10-30 9.3 HIGH N/A
Integer overflow in cdd.dll in the Canonical Display Driver (CDD) in Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7 on 64-bit platforms, when the Windows Aero theme is installed, allows context-dependent attackers to cause a denial of service (reboot) or possibly execute arbitrary code via a crafted image file that triggers incorrect data parsing after user-mode data is copied to kernel mode, as demonstrated using "Browse with Irfanview" and certain actions on a folder containing a large number of thumbnail images in Resample mode, possibly related to the ATI graphics driver or win32k.sys, aka "Canonical Display Driver Integer Overflow Vulnerability."
CVE-2010-0270 1 Microsoft 2 Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 2018-10-30 10.0 HIGH N/A
The SMB client in Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7 does not properly validate fields in SMB transaction responses, which allows remote SMB servers and man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and reboot) via a crafted (1) SMBv1 or (2) SMBv2 response, aka "SMB Client Transaction Vulnerability."
CVE-2010-0477 1 Microsoft 2 Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 2018-10-30 10.0 HIGH N/A
The SMB client in Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7 does not properly handle (1) SMBv1 and (2) SMBv2 response packets, which allows remote SMB servers and man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted packet that causes the client to read the entirety of the response, and then improperly interact with the Winsock Kernel (WSK), aka "SMB Client Message Size Vulnerability."
CVE-2010-0482 1 Microsoft 2 Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 2018-10-30 4.7 MEDIUM N/A
The kernel in Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7 does not properly validate relocation sections of image files, which allows local users to cause a denial of service (reboot) via a crafted file, aka "Windows Kernel Malformed Image Vulnerability."
CVE-2016-0049 1 Microsoft 6 Windows 10, Windows 7, Windows 8.1 and 3 more 2018-10-30 2.1 LOW 6.2 MEDIUM
Kerberos in Microsoft Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2 and R2 SP1, Windows 7 SP1, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 Gold and R2, and Windows 10 Gold and 1511 does not properly validate password changes, which allows remote attackers to bypass authentication by deploying a crafted Key Distribution Center (KDC) and then performing a sign-in action, aka "Windows Kerberos Security Feature Bypass."
CVE-2016-0009 1 Microsoft 4 Windows 10, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 and 1 more 2018-10-30 9.3 HIGH 8.8 HIGH
Microsoft Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2 and R2 SP1, Windows 7 SP1, and Windows 10 Gold and 1511 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors, aka "Win32k Remote Code Execution Vulnerability."
CVE-2010-3944 1 Microsoft 2 Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 2018-10-30 7.2 HIGH N/A
win32k.sys in the kernel-mode drivers in Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7 does not properly validate user-mode input, which allows local users to gain privileges via a crafted application, aka "Win32k Memory Corruption Vulnerability."
CVE-2010-3966 1 Microsoft 2 Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 2018-10-30 9.3 HIGH N/A
Untrusted search path vulnerability in Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7, when BranchCache is supported, allows local users to gain privileges via a Trojan horse DLL in the current working directory, as demonstrated by a directory that contains an EML file, an RSS file, or a WPOST file, aka "BranchCache Insecure Library Loading Vulnerability."
CVE-2013-3154 1 Microsoft 3 Windows 7, Windows Defender, Windows Server 2008 2018-10-30 6.9 MEDIUM N/A
The signature-update functionality in Windows Defender on Microsoft Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 relies on an incorrect pathname, which allows local users to gain privileges via a Trojan horse application in the %SYSTEMDRIVE% top-level directory, aka "Microsoft Windows 7 Defender Improper Pathname Vulnerability."
CVE-2013-2554 1 Microsoft 1 Windows 7 2018-10-30 7.5 HIGH N/A
Unspecified vulnerability in Microsoft Windows 7 allows attackers to bypass the ASLR and DEP protection mechanisms via unknown vectors, as demonstrated against Firefox by VUPEN during a Pwn2Own competition at CanSecWest 2013, a different vulnerability than CVE-2013-0787.
CVE-2011-0031 1 Microsoft 2 Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 2018-10-30 4.3 MEDIUM N/A
The (1) JScript 5.8 and (2) VBScript 5.8 scripting engines in Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7 do not properly load decoded scripts obtained from web pages, which allows remote attackers to trigger memory corruption and consequently obtain sensitive information via a crafted web site, aka "Scripting Engines Information Disclosure Vulnerability."
CVE-2011-0091 1 Microsoft 2 Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 2018-10-30 6.4 MEDIUM N/A
Kerberos in Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7 does not prevent a session from changing from strong encryption to DES encryption, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof network traffic and obtain sensitive information via a DES downgrade, aka "Kerberos Spoofing Vulnerability."
CVE-2011-2018 1 Microsoft 4 Windows 7, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008 and 1 more 2018-10-30 7.2 HIGH N/A
The kernel in Microsoft Windows XP SP2 and SP3, Windows Server 2003 SP2, Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2, and Windows 7 Gold and SP1 does not properly initialize objects, which allows local users to gain privileges via a crafted application, aka "Windows Kernel Exception Handler Vulnerability."
CVE-2012-0454 2 Microsoft, Mozilla 6 Windows 7, Firefox, Firefox Esr and 3 more 2018-10-30 7.5 HIGH N/A
Use-after-free vulnerability in Mozilla Firefox 4.x through 10.0, Firefox ESR 10.x before 10.0.3, Thunderbird 5.0 through 10.0, Thunderbird ESR 10.x before 10.0.3, and SeaMonkey before 2.8 on 32-bit Windows 7 platforms allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via vectors involving use of the file-open dialog in a child window, related to the IUnknown_QueryService function in the Windows shlwapi.dll library.
CVE-2018-0830 1 Microsoft 7 Windows 10, Windows 7, Windows 8.1 and 4 more 2018-10-30 1.9 LOW 4.7 MEDIUM
The Windows kernel in Windows 7 SP1, Windows 8.1 and RT 8.1, Windows Server 2008 SP2 and R2 SP1, Windows Server 2012 and R2, Windows 10 Gold, 1511, 1607, 1703 and 1709, Windows Server 2016 and Windows Server, version 1709 allows an information disclosure vulnerability due to how objects in memory are handled, aka "Windows Information Disclosure Vulnerability". This CVE is unique from CVE-2018-0829 and CVE-2018-0832.
CVE-2018-0829 1 Microsoft 7 Windows 10, Windows 7, Windows 8.1 and 4 more 2018-10-30 1.9 LOW 4.7 MEDIUM
The Windows kernel in Windows 7 SP1, Windows 8.1 and RT 8.1, Windows Server 2008 SP2 and R2 SP1, Windows Server 2012 and R2, Windows 10 Gold, 1511, 1607, 1703 and 1709, Windows Server 2016 and Windows Server, version 1709 allows an information disclosure vulnerability due to how objects in memory are handled, aka "Windows Information Disclosure Vulnerability". This CVE is unique from CVE-2018-0830 and CVE-2018-0832.
CVE-2011-4695 1 Microsoft 1 Windows 7 2018-10-30 6.9 MEDIUM N/A
Unspecified vulnerability in Microsoft Windows 7 SP1, when Java is installed, allows local users to bypass Internet Explorer sandbox restrictions and gain privileges via unknown vectors, as demonstrated by the White Phosphorus wp_ie_sandbox_escape module for Immunity CANVAS. NOTE: as of 20111207, this disclosure has no actionable information. However, because the module author is a reliable researcher, the issue is being assigned a CVE identifier for tracking purposes.
CVE-2009-3294 2 Microsoft, Php 4 Windows 7, Windows Server 2008, Windows Xp and 1 more 2018-10-30 5.0 MEDIUM N/A
The popen API function in TSRM/tsrm_win32.c in PHP before 5.2.11 and 5.3.x before 5.3.1, when running on certain Windows operating systems, allows context-dependent attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) via a crafted (1) "e" or (2) "er" string in the second argument (aka mode), possibly related to the _fdopen function in the Microsoft C runtime library. NOTE: this might not cross privilege boundaries except in rare cases in which the mode argument is accessible to an attacker outside of an application that uses the popen function.
CVE-2013-0995 2 Apple, Microsoft 4 Itunes, Windows 7, Windows Vista and 1 more 2018-10-30 6.8 MEDIUM N/A
WebKit, as used in Apple iTunes before 11.0.3, allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via vectors related to iTunes Store browsing, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2013-05-16-1.
CVE-2013-1010 2 Apple, Microsoft 5 Iphone Os, Itunes, Windows 7 and 2 more 2018-10-30 9.3 HIGH N/A
WebKit, as used in Apple iTunes before 11.0.3, allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via vectors related to iTunes Store browsing, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2013-05-16-1.
CVE-2013-1008 2 Apple, Microsoft 5 Iphone Os, Itunes, Windows 7 and 2 more 2018-10-30 9.3 HIGH N/A
WebKit, as used in Apple iTunes before 11.0.3, allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via vectors related to iTunes Store browsing, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2013-05-16-1.
CVE-2013-1007 2 Apple, Microsoft 5 Iphone Os, Itunes, Windows 7 and 2 more 2018-10-30 9.3 HIGH N/A
WebKit, as used in Apple iTunes before 11.0.3, allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via vectors related to iTunes Store browsing, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2013-05-16-1.
CVE-2013-1006 2 Apple, Microsoft 5 Iphone Os, Itunes, Windows 7 and 2 more 2018-10-30 9.3 HIGH N/A
WebKit, as used in Apple iTunes before 11.0.3, allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via vectors related to iTunes Store browsing, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2013-05-16-1.
CVE-2013-1005 2 Apple, Microsoft 5 Iphone Os, Itunes, Windows 7 and 2 more 2018-10-30 9.3 HIGH N/A
WebKit, as used in Apple iTunes before 11.0.3, allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via vectors related to iTunes Store browsing, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2013-05-16-1.
CVE-2010-3227 1 Microsoft 5 Windows 7, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008 and 2 more 2018-10-30 9.3 HIGH N/A
Stack-based buffer overflow in the UpdateFrameTitleForDocument method in the CFrameWnd class in mfc42.dll in the Microsoft Foundation Class (MFC) Library in Microsoft Windows XP SP2 and SP3, Windows Server 2003 SP2, Windows Vista SP1 and SP2, Windows Server 2008 Gold, SP2, and R2, and Windows 7 allows context-dependent attackers to execute arbitrary code via a long window title that this library attempts to create at the request of an application, as demonstrated by the Trident PowerZip 7.2 Build 4010 application, aka "Windows MFC Document Title Updating Buffer Overflow Vulnerability."
CVE-2013-1004 2 Apple, Microsoft 5 Iphone Os, Itunes, Windows 7 and 2 more 2018-10-30 9.3 HIGH N/A
WebKit, as used in Apple iTunes before 11.0.3, allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via vectors related to iTunes Store browsing, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2013-05-16-1.
CVE-2013-1003 2 Apple, Microsoft 5 Iphone Os, Itunes, Windows 7 and 2 more 2018-10-30 9.3 HIGH N/A
WebKit, as used in Apple iTunes before 11.0.3, allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via vectors related to iTunes Store browsing, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2013-05-16-1.
CVE-2013-1002 2 Apple, Microsoft 5 Iphone Os, Itunes, Windows 7 and 2 more 2018-10-30 9.3 HIGH N/A
WebKit, as used in Apple iTunes before 11.0.3, allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via vectors related to iTunes Store browsing, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2013-05-16-1.
CVE-2013-1001 2 Apple, Microsoft 5 Iphone Os, Itunes, Windows 7 and 2 more 2018-10-30 9.3 HIGH N/A
WebKit, as used in Apple iTunes before 11.0.3, allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via vectors related to iTunes Store browsing, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2013-05-16-1.
CVE-2013-1000 2 Apple, Microsoft 5 Iphone Os, Itunes, Windows 7 and 2 more 2018-10-30 9.3 HIGH N/A
WebKit, as used in Apple iTunes before 11.0.3, allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via vectors related to iTunes Store browsing, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2013-05-16-1.
CVE-2013-1011 2 Apple, Microsoft 4 Itunes, Windows 7, Windows Vista and 1 more 2018-10-30 6.8 MEDIUM N/A
WebKit, as used in Apple iTunes before 11.0.3, allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via vectors related to iTunes Store browsing, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2013-05-16-1.
CVE-2013-1014 2 Apple, Microsoft 5 Itunes, Mac Os X, Windows 7 and 2 more 2018-10-30 4.3 MEDIUM N/A
Apple iTunes before 11.0.3 does not properly verify X.509 certificates, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof HTTPS servers via an arbitrary valid certificate.
CVE-2013-0999 2 Apple, Microsoft 5 Iphone Os, Itunes, Windows 7 and 2 more 2018-10-30 9.3 HIGH N/A
WebKit, as used in Apple iTunes before 11.0.3, allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via vectors related to iTunes Store browsing, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2013-05-16-1.
CVE-2013-0998 2 Apple, Microsoft 4 Itunes, Windows 7, Windows Vista and 1 more 2018-10-30 6.8 MEDIUM N/A
WebKit, as used in Apple iTunes before 11.0.3, allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via vectors related to iTunes Store browsing, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2013-05-16-1.
CVE-2013-0997 2 Apple, Microsoft 4 Itunes, Windows 7, Windows Vista and 1 more 2018-10-30 6.8 MEDIUM N/A
WebKit, as used in Apple iTunes before 11.0.3, allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via vectors related to iTunes Store browsing, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2013-05-16-1.
CVE-2013-0996 2 Apple, Microsoft 4 Itunes, Windows 7, Windows Vista and 1 more 2018-10-30 6.8 MEDIUM N/A
WebKit, as used in Apple iTunes before 11.0.3, allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via vectors related to iTunes Store browsing, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2013-05-16-1.
CVE-2013-0993 2 Apple, Microsoft 4 Itunes, Windows 7, Windows Vista and 1 more 2018-10-30 6.8 MEDIUM N/A
WebKit, as used in Apple iTunes before 11.0.3, allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via vectors related to iTunes Store browsing, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2013-05-16-1.
CVE-2013-0992 2 Apple, Microsoft 4 Itunes, Windows 7, Windows Vista and 1 more 2018-10-30 6.8 MEDIUM N/A
WebKit, as used in Apple iTunes before 11.0.3, allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via vectors related to iTunes Store browsing, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2013-05-16-1.
CVE-2013-0991 2 Apple, Microsoft 4 Itunes, Windows 7, Windows Vista and 1 more 2018-10-30 6.8 MEDIUM N/A
WebKit, as used in Apple iTunes before 11.0.3, allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via vectors related to iTunes Store browsing, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2013-05-16-1.
CVE-2013-0994 2 Apple, Microsoft 4 Itunes, Windows 7, Windows Vista and 1 more 2018-10-30 6.8 MEDIUM N/A
WebKit, as used in Apple iTunes before 11.0.3, allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via vectors related to iTunes Store browsing, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2013-05-16-1.
CVE-2018-8346 1 Microsoft 2 Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 2018-10-18 9.3 HIGH 8.8 HIGH
A remote code execution vulnerability exists in Microsoft Windows that could allow remote code execution if a .LNK file is processed, aka "LNK Remote Code Execution Vulnerability." This affects Windows Server 2008, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2. This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2018-8345.
CVE-2018-8396 1 Microsoft 2 Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 2018-10-15 1.9 LOW 4.7 MEDIUM
An information disclosure vulnerability exists when the Windows GDI component improperly discloses the contents of its memory, aka "Windows GDI Information Disclosure Vulnerability." This affects Windows Server 2008, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2. This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2018-8394, CVE-2018-8398.
CVE-2017-0004 1 Microsoft 3 Windows 7, Windows Server 2008, Windows Vista 2018-10-12 7.8 HIGH 7.5 HIGH
The Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (LSASS) in Microsoft Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2 and R2 SP1, and Windows 7 SP1 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (reboot) via a crafted authentication request, aka "Local Security Authority Subsystem Service Denial of Service Vulnerability."
CVE-2016-7246 1 Microsoft 7 Windows 10, Windows 7, Windows 8.1 and 4 more 2018-10-12 7.2 HIGH 7.8 HIGH
The kernel-mode drivers in Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, Windows 7 SP1, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 Gold and R2, Windows RT 8.1, Windows 10 Gold, 1511, and 1607, and Windows Server 2016 allow local users to gain privileges via a crafted application, aka "Win32k Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability."