Vulnerabilities (CVE)

CVE Vendors Products Updated CVSS v2 CVSS v3
CVE-2021-44269 2 Fedoraproject, Wavpack 2 Fedora, Wavpack 2022-07-05 4.3 MEDIUM 5.5 MEDIUM
An out of bounds read was found in Wavpack 5.4.0 in processing *.WAV files. This issue triggered in function WavpackPackSamples of file src/pack_utils.c, tainted variable cnt is too large, that makes pointer sptr read beyond heap bound.
CVE-2018-1000117 2 Microsoft, Python 2 Windows, Python 2022-07-05 7.2 HIGH 6.7 MEDIUM
Python Software Foundation CPython version From 3.2 until 3.6.4 on Windows contains a Buffer Overflow vulnerability in os.symlink() function on Windows that can result in Arbitrary code execution, likely escalation of privilege. This attack appears to be exploitable via a python script that creates a symlink with an attacker controlled name or location. This vulnerability appears to have been fixed in 3.7.0 and 3.6.5.
CVE-2022-30118 1 Concretecms 1 Concrete Cms 2022-07-05 4.3 MEDIUM 6.1 MEDIUM
Title for CVE: XSS in /dashboard/system/express/entities/forms/save_control/[GUID]: old browsers only.Description: When using Internet Explorer with the XSS protection disabled, editing a form control in an express entities form for Concrete 8.5.7 and below as well as Concrete 9.0 through 9.0.2 can allow XSS. This cannot be exploited in modern-day web browsers due to an automatic input escape mechanism. Concrete CMS Security team ranked this vulnerability 2 with CVSS v3.1 Vector AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N. Thanks zeroinside for reporting.
CVE-2022-23080 1 Rangerstudio 1 Directus 2022-07-05 4.0 MEDIUM 5.0 MEDIUM
In directus versions v9.0.0-beta.2 through 9.6.0 are vulnerable to server-side request forgery (SSRF) in the media upload functionality which allows a low privileged user to perform internal network port scans.
CVE-2022-1747 1 Dominionvoting 2 Democracy Suite, Imagecast X 2022-07-05 2.1 LOW 4.6 MEDIUM
The authentication mechanism used by voters to activate a voting session on the tested version of Dominion Voting Systems ImageCast X is susceptible to forgery. An attacker could leverage this vulnerability to print an arbitrary number of ballots without authorization.
CVE-2022-2121 1 Offis 1 Dcmtk 2022-07-05 3.3 LOW 6.5 MEDIUM
OFFIS DCMTK's (All versions prior to 3.6.7) has a NULL pointer dereference vulnerability while processing DICOM files, which may result in a denial-of-service condition.
CVE-2022-23055 1 Frappe 1 Erpnext 2022-07-05 5.5 MEDIUM 5.4 MEDIUM
In ERPNext, versions v11.0.0-beta through v13.0.2 are vulnerable to Missing Authorization, in the chat rooms functionality. A low privileged attacker can send a direct message or a group message to any member or group, impersonating themselves as the administrator. The attacker can also read chat messages of groups that they do not belong to, and of other users.
CVE-2022-23058 1 Frappe 1 Erpnext 2022-07-05 3.5 LOW 5.4 MEDIUM
ERPNext in versions v12.0.9-v13.0.3 are affected by a stored XSS vulnerability that allows low privileged users to store malicious scripts in the ‘username’ field in ‘my settings’ which can lead to full account takeover.
CVE-2022-23057 1 Frappe 1 Erpnext 2022-07-05 3.5 LOW 5.4 MEDIUM
In ERPNext, versions v12.0.9--v13.0.3 are vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site-Scripting (XSS), due to user input not being validated properly. A low privileged attacker could inject arbitrary code into input fields when editing his profile.
CVE-2022-1666 1 Secheron 2 Sepcos Control And Protection Relay, Sepcos Control And Protection Relay Firmware 2022-07-05 4.0 MEDIUM 6.5 MEDIUM
The default password for the web application’s root user (the vendor’s private account) was weak and the MD5 hash was used to crack the password using a widely available open-source tool.
CVE-2018-15918 1 Jorani Project 1 Jorani 2022-07-05 5.5 MEDIUM 5.4 MEDIUM
An issue was discovered in Jorani 0.6.5. SQL Injection (error-based) allows a user of the application without permissions to read and modify sensitive information from the database used by the application via the startdate or enddate parameter to leaves/validate.
CVE-2018-15917 1 Jorani Project 1 Jorani 2022-07-05 3.5 LOW 5.4 MEDIUM
Persistent cross-site scripting (XSS) issues in Jorani 0.6.5 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the language parameter to session/language.
CVE-2021-38345 1 Brizy 1 Brizy-page Builder 2022-07-05 4.0 MEDIUM 6.5 MEDIUM
The Brizy Page Builder plugin <= 2.3.11 for WordPress used an incorrect authorization check that allowed any logged-in user accessing any endpoint in the wp-admin directory to modify the content of any existing post or page created with the Brizy editor. An identical issue was found by another researcher in Brizy <= 1.0.125 and fixed in version 1.0.126, but the vulnerability was reintroduced in version 1.0.127.
CVE-2021-38344 1 Brizy 1 Brizy-page Builder 2022-07-05 3.5 LOW 5.4 MEDIUM
The Brizy Page Builder plugin <= 2.3.11 for WordPress was vulnerable to stored XSS by lower-privileged users such as a subscribers. It was possible to add malicious JavaScript to a page by modifying the request sent to update the page via the brizy_update_item AJAX action and adding JavaScript to the data parameter, which would be executed in the session of any visitor viewing or previewing the post or page.
CVE-2022-0376 1 User-meta 1 User Meta User Profile Builder And User Management 2022-07-05 3.5 LOW 4.8 MEDIUM
The User Meta WordPress plugin before 2.4.3 does not sanitise and escape the Form Name, as well as Shared Field Labels before outputting them in the admin dashboard when editing a form, which could allow high privilege users to perform Cross-Site Scripting attacks even when unfiltered_html is disallowed
CVE-2021-41636 1 Melag 1 Ftp Server 2022-07-05 6.8 MEDIUM 6.5 MEDIUM
MELAG FTP Server 2.2.0.4 allows an attacker to use the CWD command to break out of the FTP servers root directory and operate on the entire operating system, while the access restrictions of the user running the FTP server apply.
CVE-2022-0544 1 Blender 1 Blender 2022-07-05 2.6 LOW 5.5 MEDIUM
An integer underflow in the DDS loader of Blender leads to an out-of-bounds read, possibly allowing an attacker to read sensitive data using a crafted DDS image file. This flaw affects Blender versions prior to 2.83.19, 2.93.8 and 3.1.
CVE-2021-44917 1 Gnuplot 1 Gnuplot 2022-07-04 4.3 MEDIUM 5.5 MEDIUM
A Divide by Zero vulnerability exists in gnuplot 5.4 in the boundary3d function in graph3d.c, which could cause a Arithmetic exception and application crash.
CVE-2021-25121 1 Bestwebsoft 1 Rating 2022-07-04 4.0 MEDIUM 6.5 MEDIUM
The Rating by BestWebSoft WordPress plugin before 1.6 does not validate the submitted rating, allowing submission of long integer, causing a Denial of Service on the post/page when a user submit such rating
CVE-2021-24485 1 Wp-special-textboxes Project 1 Wp-special-textboxes 2022-07-04 3.5 LOW 4.8 MEDIUM
The Special Text Boxes WordPress plugin before 5.9.110 does not sanitise or escape some of its settings, which could allow high privilege users to perform Cross-Site Scripting attacks even when the unfiltered_html is disallowed.
CVE-2022-1516 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2022-07-04 4.9 MEDIUM 5.5 MEDIUM
A NULL pointer dereference flaw was found in the Linux kernel’s X.25 set of standardized network protocols functionality in the way a user terminates their session using a simulated Ethernet card and continued usage of this connection. This flaw allows a local user to crash the system.
CVE-2022-1195 2 Debian, Linux 2 Debian Linux, Linux Kernel 2022-07-04 2.1 LOW 5.5 MEDIUM
A use-after-free vulnerability was found in the Linux kernel in drivers/net/hamradio. This flaw allows a local attacker with a user privilege to cause a denial of service (DOS) when the mkiss or sixpack device is detached and reclaim resources early.
CVE-2022-0494 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2022-07-04 4.9 MEDIUM 4.4 MEDIUM
A kernel information leak flaw was identified in the scsi_ioctl function in drivers/scsi/scsi_ioctl.c in the Linux kernel. This flaw allows a local attacker with a special user privilege (CAP_SYS_ADMIN or CAP_SYS_RAWIO) to create issues with confidentiality.
CVE-2022-0854 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2022-07-04 2.1 LOW 5.5 MEDIUM
A memory leak flaw was found in the Linux kernel’s DMA subsystem, in the way a user calls DMA_FROM_DEVICE. This flaw allows a local user to read random memory from the kernel space.
CVE-2022-23960 2 Arm, Xen 41 Cortex-a57, Cortex-a57 Firmware, Cortex-a65 and 38 more 2022-07-04 1.9 LOW 5.6 MEDIUM
Certain Arm Cortex and Neoverse processors through 2022-03-08 do not properly restrict cache speculation, aka Spectre-BHB. An attacker can leverage the shared branch history in the Branch History Buffer (BHB) to influence mispredicted branches. Then, cache allocation can allow the attacker to obtain sensitive information.
CVE-2022-29172 1 Auth0 1 Lock 2022-07-02 2.6 LOW 6.1 MEDIUM
Auth0 is an authentication broker that supports both social and enterprise identity providers, including Active Directory, LDAP, Google Apps, and Salesforce. In versions before `11.33.0`, when the “additional signup fields� feature [is configured](https://github.com/auth0/lock#additional-sign-up-fields), a malicious actor can inject invalidated HTML code into these additional fields, which is then stored in the service `user_metdata` payload (using the `name` property). Verification emails, when applicable, are generated using this metadata. It is therefor possible for an actor to craft a malicious link by injecting HTML, which is then rendered as the recipient's name within the delivered email template. You are impacted by this vulnerability if you are using `auth0-lock` version `11.32.2` or lower and are using the “additional signup fields� feature in your application. Upgrade to version `11.33.0`.
CVE-2021-22822 1 Schneider-electric 12 Evlink City Evc1s22p4, Evlink City Evc1s22p4 Firmware, Evlink City Evc1s7p4 and 9 more 2022-07-02 4.3 MEDIUM 6.1 MEDIUM
A CWE-79 Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (?Cross-site Scripting?) vulnerability exists that could allow an attacker to impersonate the user who manages the charging station or carry out actions on their behalf when crafted malicious parameters are submitted to the charging station web server. Affected Products: EVlink City EVC1S22P4 / EVC1S7P4 (All versions prior to R8 V3.4.0.2 ), EVlink Parking EVW2 / EVF2 / EVP2PE (All versions prior to R8 V3.4.0.2), and EVlink Smart Wallbox EVB1A (All versions prior to R8 V3.4.0.2)
CVE-2021-24410 1 Telugu Bible Verse Daily Project 1 Telugu Bible Verse Daily 2022-07-02 4.3 MEDIUM 6.1 MEDIUM
The తెల�గ� బైబిల� వచనమ�ల� WordPress plugin through 1.0 is lacking any CSRF check when saving its settings and verses, and do not sanitise or escape them when outputting them back in the page. This could allow attackers to make a logged in admin change the settings, as well as add malicious verses containing JavaScript code in them, leading to Stored XSS issues
CVE-2021-20733 1 Asken 1 Asken 2022-07-02 5.8 MEDIUM 6.1 MEDIUM
Improper authorization in handler for custom URL scheme vulnerability in ????????? (asken diet) for Android versions from v.3.0.0 to v.4.2.x allows a remote attacker to lead a user to access an arbitrary website via the vulnerable App.
CVE-2021-32738 1 Stellar 1 Js-stellar-sdk 2022-07-02 4.0 MEDIUM 6.5 MEDIUM
js-stellar-sdk is a Javascript library for communicating with a Stellar Horizon server. The `Utils.readChallengeTx` function used in SEP-10 Stellar Web Authentication states in its function documentation that it reads and validates the challenge transaction including verifying that the `serverAccountID` has signed the transaction. In js-stellar-sdk before version 8.2.3, the function does not verify that the server has signed the transaction. Applications that also used `Utils.verifyChallengeTxThreshold` or `Utils.verifyChallengeTxSigners` to verify the signatures including the server signature on the challenge transaction are unaffected as those functions verify the server signed the transaction. Applications calling `Utils.readChallengeTx` should update to version 8.2.3, the first version with a patch for this vulnerability, to ensure that the challenge transaction is completely valid and signed by the server creating the challenge transaction.
CVE-2021-32477 1 Moodle 1 Moodle 2022-07-02 4.0 MEDIUM 4.3 MEDIUM
The last time a user accessed the mobile app is displayed on their profile page, but should be restricted to users with the relevant capability (site administrators by default). Moodle versions 3.10 to 3.10.3 are affected.
CVE-2021-32003 1 Secomea 2 Sitemanager, Sitemanager Firmware 2022-07-02 2.1 LOW 5.5 MEDIUM
Unprotected Transport of Credentials vulnerability in SiteManager provisioning service allows local attacker to capture credentials if the service is used after provisioning. This issue affects: Secomea SiteManager All versions prior to 9.5 on Hardware.
CVE-2021-32478 1 Moodle 1 Moodle 2022-07-02 4.3 MEDIUM 6.1 MEDIUM
The redirect URI in the LTI authorization endpoint required extra sanitizing to prevent reflected XSS and open redirect risks. Moodle versions 3.10 to 3.10.3, 3.9 to 3.9.6, 3.8 to 3.8.8 and earlier unsupported versions are affected.
CVE-2021-32507 1 Qsan 1 Storage Manager 2022-07-02 4.0 MEDIUM 6.5 MEDIUM
Absolute Path Traversal vulnerability in FileDownload in QSAN Storage Manager allows remote authenticated attackers download arbitrary files via the Url path parameter. The referred vulnerability has been solved with the updated version of QSAN Storage Manager v3.3.3.
CVE-2021-32638 1 Github 1 Codeql Action 2022-07-02 2.1 LOW 4.4 MEDIUM
Github's CodeQL action is provided to run CodeQL-based code scanning on non-GitHub CI/CD systems and requires a GitHub access token to connect to a GitHub repository. The runner and its documentation previously suggested passing the GitHub token as a command-line parameter to the process instead of reading it from a file, standard input, or an environment variable. This approach made the token visible to other processes on the same machine, for example in the output of the `ps` command. If the CI system publicly exposes the output of `ps`, for example by logging the output, then the GitHub access token can be exposed beyond the scope intended. Users of the CodeQL runner on 3rd-party systems, who are passing a GitHub token via the `--github-auth` flag, are affected. This applies to both GitHub.com and GitHub Enterprise users. Users of the CodeQL Action on GitHub Actions are not affected. The `--github-auth` flag is now considered insecure and deprecated. The undocumented `--external-repository-token` flag has been removed. To securely provide a GitHub access token to the CodeQL runner, users should **do one of the following instead**: Use the `--github-auth-stdin` flag and pass the token on the command line via standard input OR set the `GITHUB_TOKEN` environment variable to contain the token, then call the command without passing in the token. The old flag remains present for backwards compatibility with existing workflows. If the user tries to specify an access token using the `--github-auth` flag, there is a deprecation warning printed to the terminal that directs the user to one of the above options. All CodeQL runner releases codeql-bundle-20210304 onwards contain the patches. We recommend updating to a recent version of the CodeQL runner, storing a token in your CI system's secret storage mechanism, and passing the token to the CodeQL runner using `--github-auth-stdin` or the `GITHUB_TOKEN` environment variable. If still using the old flag, ensure that process output, such as from `ps`, is not persisted in CI logs.
CVE-2021-32689 1 Nextcloud 1 Talk 2022-07-02 4.0 MEDIUM 6.5 MEDIUM
Nextcloud Talk is a fully on-premises audio/video and chat communication service. In versions prior to 11.2.2, if a user was able to reuse an earlier used username, they could get access to any chat message sent to the previous user with this username. The issue was patched in versions 11.2.2 and 11.3.0. As a workaround, don't allow users to choose usernames themselves. This is the default behaviour of Nextcloud, but some user providers may allow doing so.
CVE-2021-32729 1 Xwiki 1 Xwiki 2022-07-02 5.5 MEDIUM 5.4 MEDIUM
XWiki Platform is a generic wiki platform offering runtime services for applications built on top of it. A vulnerability exists in versions prior to 12.6.88, 12.10.4, and 13.0. The script service method used to reset the authentication failures record can be executed by any user with Script rights and does not require Programming rights. An attacher with script rights who is able to reset the authentication failure record might perform a brute force attack, since they would be able to virtually deactivate the mechanism introduced to mitigate those attacks. The problem has been patched in version 12.6.8, 12.10.4 and 13.0. There are no workarounds aside from upgrading.
CVE-2021-32712 1 Shopware 1 Shopware 2022-07-02 5.0 MEDIUM 5.3 MEDIUM
Shopware is an open source eCommerce platform. Versions prior to 5.6.10 are vulnerable to system information leakage in error handling. Users are recommend to update to version 5.6.10. You can get the update to 5.6.10 regularly via the Auto-Updater or directly via the download overview.
CVE-2021-32750 1 Muwire Project 1 Muwire 2022-07-02 3.5 LOW 5.7 MEDIUM
MuWire is a file publishing and networking tool that protects the identity of its users by using I2P technology. Users of MuWire desktop client prior to version 0.8.8 can be de-anonymized by an attacker who knows their full ID. An attacker could send a message with a subject line containing a URL with an HTML image tag and the MuWire client would try to fetch that image via clearnet, thus exposing the IP address of the user. The problem is fixed in MuWire 0.8.8. As a workaround, users can disable messaging functionality to prevent other users from sending them malicious messages.
CVE-2021-32817 1 Express Handlebars Project 1 Express Handlebars 2022-07-02 4.3 MEDIUM 6.8 MEDIUM
express-hbs is an Express handlebars template engine. express-hbs mixes pure template data with engine configuration options through the Express render API. More specifically, the layout parameter may trigger file disclosure vulnerabilities in downstream applications. This potential vulnerability is somewhat restricted in that only files with existing extentions (i.e. file.extension) can be included, files that lack an extension will have .hbs appended to them. For complete details refer to the referenced GHSL-2021-019 report. Notes in documentation have been added to help users of express-hbs avoid this potential information exposure vulnerability.
CVE-2021-32822 1 Hbs Project 1 Hbs 2022-07-02 5.0 MEDIUM 5.3 MEDIUM
The npm hbs package is an Express view engine wrapper for Handlebars. Depending on usage, users of hbs may be vulnerable to a file disclosure vulnerability. There is currently no patch for this vulnerability. hbs mixes pure template data with engine configuration options through the Express render API. By overwriting internal configuration options a file disclosure vulnerability may be triggered in downstream applications. For an example PoC see the referenced GHSL-2021-020.
CVE-2021-32954 1 Advantech 1 Webaccess\/scada 2022-07-02 6.8 MEDIUM 6.5 MEDIUM
Advantech WebAccess/SCADA Versions 9.0.1 and prior is vulnerable to a directory traversal, which may allow an attacker to remotely read arbitrary files on the file system.
CVE-2022-28987 1 Zohocorp 1 Manageengine Adselfservice Plus 2022-07-02 5.0 MEDIUM 5.3 MEDIUM
Zoho ManageEngine ADSelfService Plus before 6202 allows attackers to perform username enumeration via a crafted POST request to /ServletAPI/accounts/login.
CVE-2020-14556 6 Canonical, Debian, Fedoraproject and 3 more 10 Ubuntu Linux, Debian Linux, Fedora and 7 more 2022-07-01 5.8 MEDIUM 4.8 MEDIUM
Vulnerability in the Java SE, Java SE Embedded product of Oracle Java SE (component: Libraries). Supported versions that are affected are Java SE: 8u251, 11.0.7 and 14.0.1; Java SE Embedded: 8u251. Difficult to exploit vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via multiple protocols to compromise Java SE, Java SE Embedded. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized update, insert or delete access to some of Java SE, Java SE Embedded accessible data as well as unauthorized read access to a subset of Java SE, Java SE Embedded accessible data. Note: Applies to client and server deployment of Java. This vulnerability can be exploited through sandboxed Java Web Start applications and sandboxed Java applets. It can also be exploited by supplying data to APIs in the specified Component without using sandboxed Java Web Start applications or sandboxed Java applets, such as through a web service. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 4.8 (Confidentiality and Integrity impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N).
CVE-2020-2781 7 Canonical, Debian, Fedoraproject and 4 more 12 Ubuntu Linux, Debian Linux, Fedora and 9 more 2022-07-01 5.0 MEDIUM 5.3 MEDIUM
Vulnerability in the Java SE, Java SE Embedded product of Oracle Java SE (component: JSSE). Supported versions that are affected are Java SE: 7u251, 8u241, 11.0.6 and 14; Java SE Embedded: 8u241. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTPS to compromise Java SE, Java SE Embedded. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized ability to cause a partial denial of service (partial DOS) of Java SE, Java SE Embedded. Note: Applies to client and server deployment of Java. This vulnerability can be exploited through sandboxed Java Web Start applications and sandboxed Java applets. It can also be exploited by supplying data to APIs in the specified Component without using sandboxed Java Web Start applications or sandboxed Java applets, such as through a web service. CVSS 3.0 Base Score 5.3 (Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L).
CVE-2020-14621 7 Canonical, Debian, Fedoraproject and 4 more 22 Ubuntu Linux, Debian Linux, Fedora and 19 more 2022-07-01 5.0 MEDIUM 5.3 MEDIUM
Vulnerability in the Java SE, Java SE Embedded product of Oracle Java SE (component: JAXP). Supported versions that are affected are Java SE: 7u261, 8u251, 11.0.7 and 14.0.1; Java SE Embedded: 8u251. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via multiple protocols to compromise Java SE, Java SE Embedded. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized update, insert or delete access to some of Java SE, Java SE Embedded accessible data. Note: This vulnerability can only be exploited by supplying data to APIs in the specified Component without using Untrusted Java Web Start applications or Untrusted Java applets, such as through a web service. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 5.3 (Integrity impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N).
CVE-2020-6324 1 Sap 1 Netweaver As Abap Business Server Pages 2022-07-01 4.3 MEDIUM 6.1 MEDIUM
SAP Netweaver AS ABAP(BSP Test Application sbspext_table), version-700,701,720,730,731,740,750,751,752,753,754,755, allows an unauthenticated attacker to send polluted URL to the victim, when the victim clicks on this URL, the attacker can read, modify the information available in the victim?s browser leading to Reflected Cross Site Scripting.
CVE-2020-6311 1 Sap 2 Bank Analyzer, S\/4hana For Financial Products Subledger 2022-07-01 4.0 MEDIUM 6.5 MEDIUM
Banking services from SAP 9.0 (Bank Analyzer), version - 500, and SAP S/4HANA for financial products subledger, version ? 100, does not correctly perform necessary authorization checks for an authenticated user due to Improper Authorization checks, that may cause a system administrator to create incorrect authorization proposals. This may result in privilege escalation and may expose restricted banking data.
CVE-2022-21199 1 Reolink 2 Rlc-410w, Rlc-410w Firmware 2022-07-01 4.3 MEDIUM 5.9 MEDIUM
An information disclosure vulnerability exists due to the hardcoded TLS key of reolink RLC-410W v3.0.0.136_20121102. A specially-crafted man-in-the-middle attack can lead to a disclosure of sensitive information. An attacker can perform a man-in-the-middle attack to trigger this vulnerability.
CVE-2022-23034 3 Debian, Fedoraproject, Xen 3 Debian Linux, Fedora, Xen 2022-07-01 2.1 LOW 5.5 MEDIUM
A PV guest could DoS Xen while unmapping a grant To address XSA-380, reference counting was introduced for grant mappings for the case where a PV guest would have the IOMMU enabled. PV guests can request two forms of mappings. When both are in use for any individual mapping, unmapping of such a mapping can be requested in two steps. The reference count for such a mapping would then mistakenly be decremented twice. Underflow of the counters gets detected, resulting in the triggering of a hypervisor bug check.