Filtered by vendor Redhat
Subscribe
Search
Total
1262 CVE
| CVE | Vendors | Products | Updated | CVSS v2 | CVSS v3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVE-2018-14469 | 7 Apple, Debian, F5 and 4 more | 7 Mac Os X, Debian Linux, Traffix Signaling Delivery Controller and 4 more | 2023-08-16 | 5.0 MEDIUM | 7.5 HIGH |
| The IKEv1 parser in tcpdump before 4.9.3 has a buffer over-read in print-isakmp.c:ikev1_n_print(). | |||||
| CVE-2018-14462 | 7 Apple, Debian, F5 and 4 more | 7 Mac Os X, Debian Linux, Traffix Signaling Delivery Controller and 4 more | 2023-08-16 | 5.0 MEDIUM | 7.5 HIGH |
| The ICMP parser in tcpdump before 4.9.3 has a buffer over-read in print-icmp.c:icmp_print(). | |||||
| CVE-2018-14879 | 7 Apple, Debian, F5 and 4 more | 7 Mac Os X, Debian Linux, Traffix Signaling Delivery Controller and 4 more | 2023-08-16 | 5.1 MEDIUM | 7.0 HIGH |
| The command-line argument parser in tcpdump before 4.9.3 has a buffer overflow in tcpdump.c:get_next_file(). | |||||
| CVE-2019-11478 | 5 Canonical, F5, Linux and 2 more | 24 Ubuntu Linux, Big-ip Access Policy Manager, Big-ip Advanced Firewall Manager and 21 more | 2023-08-16 | 5.0 MEDIUM | 7.5 HIGH |
| Jonathan Looney discovered that the TCP retransmission queue implementation in tcp_fragment in the Linux kernel could be fragmented when handling certain TCP Selective Acknowledgment (SACK) sequences. A remote attacker could use this to cause a denial of service. This has been fixed in stable kernel releases 4.4.182, 4.9.182, 4.14.127, 4.19.52, 5.1.11, and is fixed in commit f070ef2ac66716357066b683fb0baf55f8191a2e. | |||||
| CVE-2018-14465 | 7 Apple, Debian, F5 and 4 more | 7 Mac Os X, Debian Linux, Traffix Signaling Delivery Controller and 4 more | 2023-08-16 | 5.0 MEDIUM | 7.5 HIGH |
| The RSVP parser in tcpdump before 4.9.3 has a buffer over-read in print-rsvp.c:rsvp_obj_print(). | |||||
| CVE-2018-14468 | 7 Apple, Debian, F5 and 4 more | 23 Mac Os X, Debian Linux, Big-ip Access Policy Manager and 20 more | 2023-08-16 | 5.0 MEDIUM | 7.5 HIGH |
| The FRF.16 parser in tcpdump before 4.9.3 has a buffer over-read in print-fr.c:mfr_print(). | |||||
| CVE-2019-11477 | 5 Canonical, F5, Linux and 2 more | 24 Ubuntu Linux, Big-ip Access Policy Manager, Big-ip Advanced Firewall Manager and 21 more | 2023-08-16 | 7.8 HIGH | 7.5 HIGH |
| Jonathan Looney discovered that the TCP_SKB_CB(skb)->tcp_gso_segs value was subject to an integer overflow in the Linux kernel when handling TCP Selective Acknowledgments (SACKs). A remote attacker could use this to cause a denial of service. This has been fixed in stable kernel releases 4.4.182, 4.9.182, 4.14.127, 4.19.52, 5.1.11, and is fixed in commit 3b4929f65b0d8249f19a50245cd88ed1a2f78cff. | |||||
| CVE-2018-16229 | 7 Apple, Debian, F5 and 4 more | 7 Mac Os X, Debian Linux, Traffix Signaling Delivery Controller and 4 more | 2023-08-16 | 5.0 MEDIUM | 7.5 HIGH |
| The DCCP parser in tcpdump before 4.9.3 has a buffer over-read in print-dccp.c:dccp_print_option(). | |||||
| CVE-2023-27561 | 3 Debian, Linuxfoundation, Redhat | 4 Debian Linux, Runc, Enterprise Linux and 1 more | 2023-08-16 | N/A | 7.0 HIGH |
| runc through 1.1.4 has Incorrect Access Control leading to Escalation of Privileges, related to libcontainer/rootfs_linux.go. To exploit this, an attacker must be able to spawn two containers with custom volume-mount configurations, and be able to run custom images. NOTE: this issue exists because of a CVE-2019-19921 regression. | |||||
| CVE-2019-19921 | 5 Canonical, Debian, Linuxfoundation and 2 more | 5 Ubuntu Linux, Debian Linux, Runc and 2 more | 2023-08-16 | 4.4 MEDIUM | 7.0 HIGH |
| runc through 1.0.0-rc9 has Incorrect Access Control leading to Escalation of Privileges, related to libcontainer/rootfs_linux.go. To exploit this, an attacker must be able to spawn two containers with custom volume-mount configurations, and be able to run custom images. (This vulnerability does not affect Docker due to an implementation detail that happens to block the attack.) | |||||
| CVE-2019-11811 | 3 Linux, Opensuse, Redhat | 9 Linux Kernel, Leap, Enterprise Linux and 6 more | 2023-08-11 | 6.9 MEDIUM | 7.0 HIGH |
| An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel before 5.0.4. There is a use-after-free upon attempted read access to /proc/ioports after the ipmi_si module is removed, related to drivers/char/ipmi/ipmi_si_intf.c, drivers/char/ipmi/ipmi_si_mem_io.c, and drivers/char/ipmi/ipmi_si_port_io.c. | |||||
| CVE-2021-3609 | 3 Linux, Netapp, Redhat | 43 Linux Kernel, H300e, H300e Firmware and 40 more | 2023-08-11 | 6.9 MEDIUM | 7.0 HIGH |
| .A flaw was found in the CAN BCM networking protocol in the Linux kernel, where a local attacker can abuse a flaw in the CAN subsystem to corrupt memory, crash the system or escalate privileges. This race condition in net/can/bcm.c in the Linux kernel allows for local privilege escalation to root. | |||||
| CVE-2018-10878 | 4 Canonical, Debian, Linux and 1 more | 6 Ubuntu Linux, Debian Linux, Linux Kernel and 3 more | 2023-08-11 | 6.1 MEDIUM | 7.8 HIGH |
| A flaw was found in the Linux kernel's ext4 filesystem. A local user can cause an out-of-bounds write and a denial of service or unspecified other impact is possible by mounting and operating a crafted ext4 filesystem image. | |||||
| CVE-2023-0179 | 4 Canonical, Fedoraproject, Linux and 1 more | 14 Ubuntu Linux, Fedora, Linux Kernel and 11 more | 2023-08-11 | N/A | 7.8 HIGH |
| A buffer overflow vulnerability was found in the Netfilter subsystem in the Linux Kernel. This issue could allow the leakage of both stack and heap addresses, and potentially allow Local Privilege Escalation to the root user via arbitrary code execution. | |||||
| CVE-2018-16884 | 4 Canonical, Debian, Linux and 1 more | 5 Ubuntu Linux, Debian Linux, Linux Kernel and 2 more | 2023-08-11 | 6.7 MEDIUM | 8.0 HIGH |
| A flaw was found in the Linux kernel's NFS41+ subsystem. NFS41+ shares mounted in different network namespaces at the same time can make bc_svc_process() use wrong back-channel IDs and cause a use-after-free vulnerability. Thus a malicious container user can cause a host kernel memory corruption and a system panic. Due to the nature of the flaw, privilege escalation cannot be fully ruled out. | |||||
| CVE-2022-1949 | 3 Fedoraproject, Port389, Redhat | 4 Fedora, 389-ds-base, Directory Server and 1 more | 2023-08-08 | 5.0 MEDIUM | 7.5 HIGH |
| An access control bypass vulnerability found in 389-ds-base. That mishandling of the filter that would yield incorrect results, but as that has progressed, can be determined that it actually is an access control bypass. This may allow any remote unauthenticated user to issue a filter that allows searching for database items they do not have access to, including but not limited to potentially userPassword hashes and other sensitive data. | |||||
| CVE-2022-27191 | 3 Fedoraproject, Golang, Redhat | 5 Extra Packages For Enterprise Linux, Fedora, Ssh and 2 more | 2023-08-08 | 4.3 MEDIUM | 7.5 HIGH |
| The golang.org/x/crypto/ssh package before 0.0.0-20220314234659-1baeb1ce4c0b for Go allows an attacker to crash a server in certain circumstances involving AddHostKey. | |||||
| CVE-2021-41817 | 6 Debian, Fedoraproject, Opensuse and 3 more | 9 Debian Linux, Fedora, Factory and 6 more | 2023-08-08 | 5.0 MEDIUM | 7.5 HIGH |
| Date.parse in the date gem through 3.2.0 for Ruby allows ReDoS (regular expression Denial of Service) via a long string. The fixed versions are 3.2.1, 3.1.2, 3.0.2, and 2.0.1. | |||||
| CVE-2021-1062 | 5 Citrix, Nutanix, Nvidia and 2 more | 5 Hypervisor, Ahv, Virtual Gpu Manager and 2 more | 2023-08-08 | 3.6 LOW | 7.1 HIGH |
| NVIDIA vGPU manager contains a vulnerability in the vGPU plugin, in which an input data length is not validated, which may lead to tampering of data or denial of service. This affects vGPU version 8.x (prior to 8.6) and version 11.0 (prior to 11.3). | |||||
| CVE-2021-1083 | 6 Citrix, Linux, Microsoft and 3 more | 6 Hypervisor, Linux Kernel, Windows and 3 more | 2023-08-08 | 4.6 MEDIUM | 7.8 HIGH |
| NVIDIA vGPU software contains a vulnerability in the guest kernel mode driver and Virtual GPU Manager (vGPU plugin), in which an input length is not validated, which may lead to information disclosure, tampering of data, or denial of service. This affects vGPU version 12.x (prior to 12.2) and version 11.x (prior to 11.4). | |||||
| CVE-2021-1082 | 5 Citrix, Nutanix, Nvidia and 2 more | 5 Hypervisor, Ahv, Virtual Gpu Manager and 2 more | 2023-08-08 | 4.6 MEDIUM | 7.8 HIGH |
| NVIDIA vGPU software contains a vulnerability in the Virtual GPU Manager (vGPU plugin), in which an input length is not validated, which may lead to information disclosure, tampering of data, or denial of service. vGPU version 12.x (prior to 12.2), version 11.x (prior to 11.4) and version 8.x (prior to 8.7) | |||||
| CVE-2021-1058 | 7 Citrix, Linux, Microsoft and 4 more | 7 Hypervisor, Linux Kernel, Windows and 4 more | 2023-08-08 | 3.6 LOW | 7.1 HIGH |
| NVIDIA vGPU software contains a vulnerability in the guest kernel mode driver and vGPU plugin, in which an input data size is not validated, which may lead to tampering of data or denial of service. This affects vGPU version 8.x (prior to 8.6) and version 11.0 (prior to 11.3). | |||||
| CVE-2022-28796 | 4 Fedoraproject, Linux, Netapp and 1 more | 24 Fedora, Linux Kernel, Active Iq Unified Manager and 21 more | 2023-08-08 | 6.9 MEDIUM | 7.0 HIGH |
| jbd2_journal_wait_updates in fs/jbd2/transaction.c in the Linux kernel before 5.17.1 has a use-after-free caused by a transaction_t race condition. | |||||
| CVE-2021-1081 | 7 Citrix, Linux, Microsoft and 4 more | 7 Hypervisor, Linux Kernel, Windows and 4 more | 2023-08-08 | 4.6 MEDIUM | 7.8 HIGH |
| NVIDIA vGPU software contains a vulnerability in the guest kernel mode driver and Virtual GPU manager (vGPU plugin), in which an input length is not validated, which may lead to information disclosure, tampering of data, or denial of service. This affects vGPU version 12.x (prior to 12.2), version 11.x (prior to 11.4) and version 8.x (prior 8.7). | |||||
| CVE-2023-2156 | 3 Fedoraproject, Linux, Redhat | 3 Fedora, Linux Kernel, Enterprise Linux | 2023-08-02 | N/A | 7.5 HIGH |
| A flaw was found in the networking subsystem of the Linux kernel within the handling of the RPL protocol. This issue results from the lack of proper handling of user-supplied data, which can lead to an assertion failure. This may allow an unauthenticated remote attacker to create a denial of service condition on the system. | |||||
| CVE-2023-2953 | 4 Apple, Netapp, Openldap and 1 more | 16 Macos, Active Iq Unified Manager, Clustered Data Ontap and 13 more | 2023-08-02 | N/A | 7.5 HIGH |
| A vulnerability was found in openldap. This security flaw causes a null pointer dereference in ber_memalloc_x() function. | |||||
| CVE-2023-3640 | 2 Linux, Redhat | 2 Linux Kernel, Enterprise Linux | 2023-08-02 | N/A | 7.8 HIGH |
| A possible unauthorized memory access flaw was found in the Linux kernel's cpu_entry_area mapping of X86 CPU data to memory, where a user may guess the location of exception stacks or other important data. Based on the previous CVE-2023-0597, the 'Randomize per-cpu entry area' feature was implemented in /arch/x86/mm/cpu_entry_area.c, which works through the init_cea_offsets() function when KASLR is enabled. However, despite this feature, there is still a risk of per-cpu entry area leaks. This issue could allow a local user to gain access to some important data with memory in an expected location and potentially escalate their privileges on the system. | |||||
| CVE-2022-28737 | 1 Redhat | 1 Shim | 2023-07-28 | N/A | 7.8 HIGH |
| There's a possible overflow in handle_image() when shim tries to load and execute crafted EFI executables; The handle_image() function takes into account the SizeOfRawData field from each section to be loaded. An attacker can leverage this to perform out-of-bound writes into memory. Arbitrary code execution is not discarded in such scenario. | |||||
| CVE-2023-32233 | 2 Linux, Redhat | 2 Linux Kernel, Enterprise Linux | 2023-07-27 | N/A | 7.8 HIGH |
| In the Linux kernel through 6.3.1, a use-after-free in Netfilter nf_tables when processing batch requests can be abused to perform arbitrary read and write operations on kernel memory. Unprivileged local users can obtain root privileges. This occurs because anonymous sets are mishandled. | |||||
| CVE-2020-35523 | 4 Debian, Libtiff, Netapp and 1 more | 4 Debian Linux, Libtiff, Ontap Select Deploy Administration Utility and 1 more | 2022-07-30 | 6.8 MEDIUM | 7.8 HIGH |
| An integer overflow flaw was found in libtiff that exists in the tif_getimage.c file. This flaw allows an attacker to inject and execute arbitrary code when a user opens a crafted TIFF file. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to confidentiality, integrity, as well as system availability. | |||||
| CVE-2020-35524 | 5 Debian, Fedoraproject, Libtiff and 2 more | 5 Debian Linux, Fedora, Libtiff and 2 more | 2022-07-30 | 6.8 MEDIUM | 7.8 HIGH |
| A heap-based buffer overflow flaw was found in libtiff in the handling of TIFF images in libtiff's TIFF2PDF tool. A specially crafted TIFF file can lead to arbitrary code execution. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to confidentiality, integrity, as well as system availability. | |||||
| CVE-2021-3629 | 1 Redhat | 6 Enterprise Linux, Integration, Jboss Enterprise Application Platform and 3 more | 2022-07-29 | 5.0 MEDIUM | 7.5 HIGH |
| A flaw was found in Undertow. A potential security issue in flow control handling by the browser over http/2 may potentially cause overhead or a denial of service in the server. The highest threat from this vulnerability is availability. This flaw affects Undertow versions prior to 2.0.40.Final and prior to 2.2.11.Final. | |||||
| CVE-2014-0224 | 8 Fedoraproject, Filezilla-project, Mariadb and 5 more | 19 Fedora, Filezilla Server, Mariadb and 16 more | 2022-07-28 | 5.8 MEDIUM | 7.4 HIGH |
| OpenSSL before 0.9.8za, 1.0.0 before 1.0.0m, and 1.0.1 before 1.0.1h does not properly restrict processing of ChangeCipherSpec messages, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to trigger use of a zero-length master key in certain OpenSSL-to-OpenSSL communications, and consequently hijack sessions or obtain sensitive information, via a crafted TLS handshake, aka the "CCS Injection" vulnerability. | |||||
| CVE-2018-1060 | 5 Canonical, Debian, Fedoraproject and 2 more | 8 Ubuntu Linux, Debian Linux, Fedora and 5 more | 2022-07-28 | 5.0 MEDIUM | 7.5 HIGH |
| python before versions 2.7.15, 3.4.9, 3.5.6rc1, 3.6.5rc1 and 3.7.0 is vulnerable to catastrophic backtracking in pop3lib's apop() method. An attacker could use this flaw to cause denial of service. | |||||
| CVE-2016-2183 | 5 Cisco, Openssl, Oracle and 2 more | 8 Content Security Management Appliance, Openssl, Database and 5 more | 2022-07-28 | 5.0 MEDIUM | 7.5 HIGH |
| The DES and Triple DES ciphers, as used in the TLS, SSH, and IPSec protocols and other protocols and products, have a birthday bound of approximately four billion blocks, which makes it easier for remote attackers to obtain cleartext data via a birthday attack against a long-duration encrypted session, as demonstrated by an HTTPS session using Triple DES in CBC mode, aka a "Sweet32" attack. | |||||
| CVE-2019-5010 | 4 Debian, Opensuse, Python and 1 more | 7 Debian Linux, Leap, Python and 4 more | 2022-07-28 | 5.0 MEDIUM | 7.5 HIGH |
| An exploitable denial-of-service vulnerability exists in the X509 certificate parser of Python.org Python 2.7.11 / 3.6.6. A specially crafted X509 certificate can cause a NULL pointer dereference, resulting in a denial of service. An attacker can initiate or accept TLS connections using crafted certificates to trigger this vulnerability. | |||||
| CVE-2021-3612 | 4 Debian, Fedoraproject, Linux and 1 more | 4 Debian Linux, Fedora, Linux Kernel and 1 more | 2022-07-25 | 7.2 HIGH | 7.8 HIGH |
| An out-of-bounds memory write flaw was found in the Linux kernel's joystick devices subsystem in versions before 5.9-rc1, in the way the user calls ioctl JSIOCSBTNMAP. This flaw allows a local user to crash the system or possibly escalate their privileges on the system. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to confidentiality, integrity, as well as system availability. | |||||
| CVE-2021-3517 | 6 Debian, Fedoraproject, Netapp and 3 more | 26 Debian Linux, Fedora, Active Iq Unified Manager and 23 more | 2022-07-25 | 7.5 HIGH | 8.6 HIGH |
| There is a flaw in the xml entity encoding functionality of libxml2 in versions before 2.9.11. An attacker who is able to supply a crafted file to be processed by an application linked with the affected functionality of libxml2 could trigger an out-of-bounds read. The most likely impact of this flaw is to application availability, with some potential impact to confidentiality and integrity if an attacker is able to use memory information to further exploit the application. | |||||
| CVE-2021-3518 | 6 Debian, Fedoraproject, Netapp and 3 more | 16 Debian Linux, Fedora, Active Iq Unified Manager and 13 more | 2022-07-25 | 6.8 MEDIUM | 8.8 HIGH |
| There's a flaw in libxml2 in versions before 2.9.11. An attacker who is able to submit a crafted file to be processed by an application linked with libxml2 could trigger a use-after-free. The greatest impact from this flaw is to confidentiality, integrity, and availability. | |||||
| CVE-2021-3737 | 5 Canonical, Fedoraproject, Netapp and 2 more | 14 Ubuntu Linux, Fedora, Hci and 11 more | 2022-07-25 | 7.1 HIGH | 7.5 HIGH |
| A flaw was found in python. An improperly handled HTTP response in the HTTP client code of python may allow a remote attacker, who controls the HTTP server, to make the client script enter an infinite loop, consuming CPU time. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to system availability. | |||||
| CVE-2018-18074 | 4 Canonical, Opensuse, Python and 1 more | 6 Ubuntu Linux, Leap, Requests and 3 more | 2022-07-25 | 5.0 MEDIUM | 7.5 HIGH |
| The Requests package before 2.20.0 for Python sends an HTTP Authorization header to an http URI upon receiving a same-hostname https-to-http redirect, which makes it easier for remote attackers to discover credentials by sniffing the network. | |||||
| CVE-2019-10086 | 6 Apache, Debian, Fedoraproject and 3 more | 60 Commons Beanutils, Nifi, Debian Linux and 57 more | 2022-07-25 | 7.5 HIGH | 7.3 HIGH |
| In Apache Commons Beanutils 1.9.2, a special BeanIntrospector class was added which allows suppressing the ability for an attacker to access the classloader via the class property available on all Java objects. We, however were not using this by default characteristic of the PropertyUtilsBean. | |||||
| CVE-2020-1742 | 2 Nmstate, Redhat | 2 Kubernetes-nmstate, Openshift Virtualization | 2022-07-25 | 4.4 MEDIUM | 7.0 HIGH |
| An insecure modification vulnerability flaw was found in containers using nmstate/kubernetes-nmstate-handler. An attacker with access to the container could use this flaw to modify /etc/passwd and escalate their privileges. Versions before kubernetes-nmstate-handler-container-v2.3.0-30 are affected. | |||||
| CVE-2022-1227 | 4 Fedoraproject, Podman Project, Psgo Project and 1 more | 16 Fedora, Podman, Psgo and 13 more | 2022-07-23 | 6.8 MEDIUM | 8.8 HIGH |
| A privilege escalation flaw was found in Podman. This flaw allows an attacker to publish a malicious image to a public registry. Once this image is downloaded by a potential victim, the vulnerability is triggered after a user runs the 'podman top' command. This action gives the attacker access to the host filesystem, leading to information disclosure or denial of service. | |||||
| CVE-2022-1652 | 2 Linux, Redhat | 2 Linux Kernel, Enterprise Linux | 2022-07-22 | 7.2 HIGH | 7.8 HIGH |
| Linux Kernel could allow a local attacker to execute arbitrary code on the system, caused by a concurrency use-after-free flaw in the bad_flp_intr function. By executing a specially-crafted program, an attacker could exploit this vulnerability to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service condition on the system. | |||||
| CVE-2020-14372 | 4 Fedoraproject, Gnu, Netapp and 1 more | 9 Fedora, Grub2, Cloud Backup and 6 more | 2022-07-22 | 6.2 MEDIUM | 7.5 HIGH |
| A flaw was found in grub2 in versions prior to 2.06, where it incorrectly enables the usage of the ACPI command when Secure Boot is enabled. This flaw allows an attacker with privileged access to craft a Secondary System Description Table (SSDT) containing code to overwrite the Linux kernel lockdown variable content directly into memory. The table is further loaded and executed by the kernel, defeating its Secure Boot lockdown and allowing the attacker to load unsigned code. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to data confidentiality and integrity, as well as system availability. | |||||
| CVE-2022-27649 | 3 Fedoraproject, Podman Project, Redhat | 14 Fedora, Podman, Developer Tools and 11 more | 2022-07-22 | 6.0 MEDIUM | 7.5 HIGH |
| A flaw was found in Podman, where containers were started incorrectly with non-empty default permissions. A vulnerability was found in Moby (Docker Engine), where containers were started incorrectly with non-empty inheritable Linux process capabilities. This flaw allows an attacker with access to programs with inheritable file capabilities to elevate those capabilities to the permitted set when execve(2) runs. | |||||
| CVE-2021-4166 | 7 Apple, Debian, Fedoraproject and 4 more | 7 Macos, Debian Linux, Fedora and 4 more | 2022-07-22 | 5.8 MEDIUM | 7.1 HIGH |
| vim is vulnerable to Out-of-bounds Read | |||||
| CVE-2021-3575 | 3 Fedoraproject, Redhat, Uclouvain | 3 Fedora, Enterprise Linux, Openjpeg | 2022-07-21 | 6.8 MEDIUM | 7.8 HIGH |
| A heap-based buffer overflow was found in openjpeg in color.c:379:42 in sycc420_to_rgb when decompressing a crafted .j2k file. An attacker could use this to execute arbitrary code with the permissions of the application compiled against openjpeg. | |||||
| CVE-2022-0711 | 3 Debian, Haproxy, Redhat | 5 Debian Linux, Haproxy, Enterprise Linux and 2 more | 2022-07-21 | 5.0 MEDIUM | 7.5 HIGH |
| A flaw was found in the way HAProxy processed HTTP responses containing the "Set-Cookie2" header. This flaw could allow an attacker to send crafted HTTP response packets which lead to an infinite loop, eventually resulting in a denial of service condition. The highest threat from this vulnerability is availability. | |||||